German Peasants War (1524 †1525) Reformation Uprising

The German Peasants War was the rebellion of agrarian peasants in the southern and central parts of German-speaking central Europe against the rulers of their cities and provinces. Urban poor joined in the rebellion as it spread to cities. Context In Europe in the mid-16th century, German-speaking parts of central Europe were loosely organized under the Holy Roman Empire (which, as has often been said, was not holy, Roman, nor really an empire). Aristocrats ruled small city-states or provinces, subject to loose control by Charles V of Spain, then the Holy Roman Emperor, and by the Roman Catholic Church, which taxed the local princes. The feudal system was ending, where there was an assumed mutual trust and mirrored obligations and responsibilities between peasants and the princes, as princes sought to increase their power over the peasants and to consolidate ownership of land. The institution of Roman law rather than medieval feudal law meant that the peasants lost some of their standing and power. Reformation  preaching, changing economic conditions, and a history of revolts against authority also likely played a part in the rebellion’s initiation. The rebels were not rising against the Holy Roman Empire, which had little to do with their lives in any case, but against the Roman Catholic Church and more local nobles, princes, and rulers. The Revolt The first revolt as at Stà ¼hlingen, and then it spread. As the rebellion began and spread, the rebels rarely attacked violently except to capture supplies and cannons. Large scale battles began after April, 1525.  The princes had hired mercenaries and built up their armies, and then turned to crush the peasants, who were untrained and poorly armed in comparison. Twelve Articles of Memmingen A list of demands of the peasants was in circulation by 1525. Some related to the church: more power of congregation members to select their own pastors, changes in tithing. Other demands were secular: stopping land enclosure which cut off access to fish and game and other products of the woods and rivers, ending serfdom, reform in the justice system. Frankenhausen The peasants were crushed in a battle at Frankenhausen, fought May 15, 1525. More than 5,000 peasants were killed, and the leaders captured and executed. Key Figures Martin Luther, whose ideas inspired some of the princes in German-speaking Europe to break with the Roman Catholic Church, opposed the peasant rebellion. He preached peaceful action by the peasants in his  An Exhortation of Peace in Response to the Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants.  He taught that peasants had a responsibility to farm the land and rulers had the responsibility to keep the peace. Just at the end as the peasants were losing, Luther published his  Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants.  In this, he encouraged a violent and quick reaction on the part of the ruling classes. After the war was over and the peasants defeated, he then criticized the violence by the rulers and the continued suppression of peasants.   Thomas Mà ¼ntzer or Mà ¼nzer, another Reformation minister in Germany, supported the peasants, by the early part of 1525 had definitely joined the rebels, and may have consulted with some of their leaders to shape their demands. His vision of a church and the world used images of a small â€Å"elect† battling a greater evil to bring good into the world. After the end of the revolt, Luther and other Reformers held up Mà ¼ntzer as an example of taking the Reformation too far. Among the leaders who defeated Mà ¼ntzer’s forces at Frankenhausen  were  Philip of Hesse, John of Saxony, and Henry and George of Saxony. Resolution As many as 300,000 people took part in the rebellion, and some 100,000 were killed. The peasants won almost none of their demands. The rulers, interpreting the war as a reason for repression, instituted laws that were more repressive than before, and often decided to repress more unconventional forms of religious change, too, thus slowing the progress of the Protestant Reformation.

Machiavelli and Odysseus - 4336 Words

Power and Leadership The Connection of Power and Leadership between The Odyssey and The Prince Research Assignment Stories in Diverse Media LAPS/HUMA 1780 Prepared for: Dr. Gillian Helfield Mr. Julian Manyoni Prepared by: Samuel James Ysip 212-697-983 Power and Leadership Power and leadership play a big role in accomplishing the objectives of a team. A person having these two attributes can direct a group of people towards achieving their common goal. These two components of authority are also essential to each other in order for the leader to be successful. Power is a person’s ability to influence others and leadership is a person’s talent to guide a group of people to achieve their common goal. A person that has power†¦show more content†¦This confrontation is an evidence of Odysseus showing incorrect compassion towards Eurylochus. Although Odysseus showed a sign of disappointment, he never really punished him which led to more disobedience by Eurylochus. It also showed that he considers his men’s view of his actions. His actions confirmed that he would rather show compassion than cruelty by being stopped by his men from killing Eurylochus through their pleading. By not taking the necessary actions on Eurylochus’ behaviour, he was able to persuade Odysseus to land on the island of Thrinakia where Helios keeps his cattle despite Circes advice to stay away from Helios’ belongings. When they landed on the Island where the cattle are, Eurylochus again stirred up trouble by persuading the crew members that it’s fine to eat the cattle of Helios while Odysseus was asleep. Eurylochus said, â€Å". . . hunger is the sorriest way to die and encounter fate . . . let us cut out the best of Helios cattle and sacrifice them to the immortals who hold wide heaven . . . and if we ever come back to Ithaca . . . we will build a rich temple to the Sun God Helios.† (12. 342-346). This final incident that Eurylochus was able stir up became the main reason of the crew members’ death and also Eurylochus. Odysseus should have made the right decision of eliminating Eurylochus when he first started to disregard his superiority on the Island of Aeaea. OdysseusShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hom er s Odyssey And Machiavelli s The Prince2325 Words   |  10 PagesGod to self, religion to self-awareness. In Homer’s Odyssey, the long held tradition that the gods of Mount Olympus controlled one’s fate changed into the people forgoing their beliefs and believing they were able to create their own destiny. For Machiavelli and The Prince, a similar change occurred, but this change focused on politics and preserving oneself in the face of the public so one may control them thoroughly. On the surface, The Odyssey, supports the importance of tradition and yet provesRead MoreA Historical Views Of Leadership1438 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers’ views in order to demonstrate that leaders differed greatly in the perception of leadership, there are lots of views of what it means to be a successful leader. †¢ These philosophers include: Bass, Carlyle, Tolstoy, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Lao-tzu, Gandhi, and Du Bois. 9 – Concepts of Leadership: The Beginnings – Bernard M. Bass †¢ Leadership is one of the world’s oldest preoccupations. †¢ In the Iliad, higher transcended goals are emphasized: ‘He serves me most, who serves his countryRead MoreThe Role of the Artistic Director in a Theater Production2388 Words   |  10 Pagesin 1564 and died in 1593. He was a spy, a poet, and a playwright within the sixteenth century. One of his known plays was The Tragicall History of Doctor Faustus. Machiavelli: Machiavelli was born in 1513 BCE and he was an assistant to the Medicis. He wrote a play known as The Mandrake, which was based on Roman comedy. Machiavelli took the existing story of The Mandrake and made it his own. The Mandrake was written in Italian and it focused on a servant who had a burning desire to sleep with aRead MoreBroken Family3761 Words   |  16 PagesInfluenced by: Socrates, Homer, Hesiod, Aristophanes, Aesop, Protagoras, Parmenides, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Orphism Influenced: Most of subsequent western philosophy, including Aristotle, Augustine, Neoplatonism, Cicero, Plutarch, Stoicism, Anselm, Machiavelli, Descartes, Hobbes, Leibniz, Mill, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Arendt, Gadamer, Imam Khomeini, Russell and countless other philosophers and theologians A .Masterpieces 1. phaedo BY: PLATO The Phaedo is acknowledged to

Healthcare Systems Essay Research Paper IntroductionThe Fargo free essay sample

Healthcare Systems Essay, Research Paper IntroductionThe Fargo, North Dakota health care market is served by many different doctors and infirmaries. This country includes an eastern North Dakota and a part of western Minnesota. St. Luke? s Hospital and the Fargo Clinic are both major participants in this part. St. Luke? s was a community not-for-profit infirmary, and the Fargo Clinic was two separate for-profit corporations. Until late, they have been runing as separate entities. In 1986, they formed a partnership and proceeded to run individually but under the trade name of MeritCare. This was done to place both of the companies for future growing, amalgamation, or enlargement. As of January 1, 1993, the restructured non-profit-making organisation had been working as one. The official amalgamation day of the month was set for July 1, 1993. It is felt that the amalgamation will let both organisations to cut costs and increase stableness by extinguishing duplicate of installations and services, increasing overall efficiency, and supplying better economic systems of graduated table. The ultimate end of the amalgamation will be to supply an incorporate, cost-efficient system of attention that will be appealing to the market they operate within.BackgroundThe Fargo-Moorhead Metro Area that these installations serve had a 1990 population of over 150,000. The entire market country includes another 215,000 individuals. Medicare, Blue Cross/Blue Shield along with other traditional signifiers of wellness insurance, dominates the payor market. HMO? s and PPO? s make up less than five per centum of the market. The entire market country has 14.6 % of the population over 65, which is higher than the national norm. This figure should assist explicate the importance of the Medicare market. The Fargo Clinic, in 1993, had 250 doctors in 30 locations. Five of these are larger clinics, with the remainder being smaller community-based installations. They had over a million patient visits in 1992, with over half coming from Minnesota. Grosss were $ 150 million, which represented over a 50 % growing in the last five old ages. The Fargo Clinic? s doctors represented 70 % of the sum in the market. In the mid-1980? s, they embarked on a rapid enlargement by buying many country primary attention centres. This has provided them with a solid base of much needed primary attention capacity from which to turn on. St. Luke? s Hospital is equipped with 357 staffed beds and 40 nursery bassinets. They are a third attention installation and the largest infirmary in North Dakota. Over 99 % of the admittances, which are served by their 2,400 employees, already come from doctors of the Fargo Clinic. In 1992, they had over 100,000 yearss of inpatient attention. The delivering installation delivered more that 1,500 babes in 1993. Market portion has steadily increased to 60 % of inpatient visits in their service country, with 60 % of them coming from Minnesota. St. Luke? s besides operates the Roger Maris Cancer Center, which provides attention to a larger part than the ague attention infirmary. Entire grosss have increased over 60 % in the last old ages, and they have a fund balance of over $ 69 million.Strengths In 1986, Fargo Clinic and St. Luke? s Hospital merged to make their biggest strength? an integrating of installations and services ( MeritCare ) . This eliminated duplicate, which allowed them to concentrate on other wellness attention schemes every bit good as cut costs. Radiology, Information systems, Plant operations, Human resources, Planning and selling, Housekeeping, Utility direction, Maintenance of equipment, and telecommunications are several countries in which MeritCare can consolidate and cut costs. St. Luke? s strengths besides include that they are the largest infirmary and private employer in North Dakota. As of 1993, outreach activities at St. Luke? s Hospital were established. These webs included such things as oncology ( 20 locations ) , exigency bosom services ( 30 locations ) and maternal kid attention ( 18 locations ) . These outreach activities will assist them to turn and beef up their market place. The Roger Maris Cancer Center is a strength of MeritCare. It provides malignant neoplastic disease intervention to people in three provinces, drawing patients from eastern North Dakota, northern South Dakota and western Minnesota. This has been a really successful venture increasing patient visits per month by 100. The strengths of the Fargo Clinic add important strength to the MeritCare amalgamation. One of the chief strengths of the clinic is that it is one of the largest multispecialty clinics in the state with 30 locations throughout North Dakota and Minnesota. It besides presents an incorporate, cost-efficient system of attention that should be built-in in obtaining profitable managed attention contracts. By holding the infirmary and clinic operating as one entity, the quality of attention should better with a slower rise in costs. This addition in quality of attention will better communit Y wellness attention and increase their patient load.Weaknesses A failing of MeritCare is shown through the non-integration of information systems. This undertaking has non been accomplished due to many precedences that are present. Once MeritCare is to the full integrated, information systems will be a major strength. Other failings include Fargo? s primary attention physician grosss are non sufficiently covering their operating expense and compensation disbursals. The clinic besides is short doctors in OB/GYN and some other forte services. The deficiency of doctors could do MeritCare to lose important sums of patients. A concluding failing of the clinic trades with its physician compensation. Its compensation is narrow when compared to other clinics. Due to regulative restraints compensation is a really complex and hard issue that needs legal audience involved throughout the procedure. Merely 20 per centum of the specializers in the clinic are paid in the upper scope of compensation benefits.Opportunities Opportunities that were triggered during the amalgamation are: ( 1 ) Health attention reform, ( 2 ) Changes in the market place, ( 3 ) Reimbursement for both doctors and infirmary, and ( 4 ) Structuring and pull offing joint ventures more efficaciously. These chances will take MeritCare to a perpendicular integrating, which will let them to take a higher quality of attention and slower rise in costs for the community. Vertical integrating will raise the populace? s involvement and increase MeritCare? s overall patient gross. Other chances of this amalgamation is an addition in efficiency of operation, streamlining of disposal, and the advantages of economic systems of graduated table. The consolidation of sections will assist MeritCare to be more efficient in their operations. The consolidation will let them to cut costs every bit good as streamline disposal. The amalgamation created economic systems of graduated table that allows them to order big sums of supplies at a discounted ra te. With the amalgamation, there will be increased capital for both organisations. They can utilize the capital for such things as a new integrated information and bringing system. This will let Fargo and St. Luke? s to hold better entree to information and be able to portion information between one another in a simple, fast mode. Physicians every bit good as patients can profit from such a system. Finally, MeritCare may desire to look into reentering managed attention. MeritCare may desire to see seeking to set up an HMO. With the amalgamation, there will now be more entree to the necessary capital, which will let them to supply preparation for doctors to work within an HMO environment and better the current informations systems.Threats There are several menaces that MeritCare may perchance confront. First, with the amalgamation between Fargo and St. Luke? s to organize MeritCare, there may be a cultural every bit good as managerial struggle. St. Luke? s had been a non for net income, community infirmary for many old ages while the Fargo Clinic had been made up of two for net income organisations. Differences in direction manners between the organisations could so be a grave job for MeritCare in the hereafter. The Fargo Moorhead runing country has traditionally been a traditional wellness insurance coverage country. The menace in this is that the development of Health Maintenance Organizations in the nearby Minneapolis-St. Paul country could alter the full payment procedure for MeritCare. The organisation may non be able to manage this displacement. In add-on, MeritCare is besides confronting problems with the current wage system. There is worsening reimbursement for both doctors and the infirmary due to DRGs. Another menace for the organisation is that they may hold a difficult clip keeping on to specializers. The ground for this is that specialist compensation is expected to diminish while primary attention doctors? compensation is expected to increase. This may do some specializer to go forth the country in hunt of greater compensation. Another menace that MeritCare may confront because of the amalgamation is the new authorities ordinances in structuring and pull offing joint ventures. The federal authorities has been doing it more hard for these types of amalgamations. Finally, other menaces for the organisation are that they could stop up losing patients due to the amalgamation. Even though competition has non been a major job in the yesteryear, if country occupants become unhappy with the amalgamation, so this may be a cause of concern in the future.Recommendation We recommend that when sing wellness attention reform and alterations in the market place, that MeritCare take a proactive attack. Easy entree to patients, quality of attention, client satisfaction, low-cost costs, and preventive steps need to be implemented in order for them to place themselves in front of the competition and increase their patient base.

The Passion Killer Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Passion Killer Essay, Research Paper The passion killerThe grade of a true disputant may be the ability to tilt back, fairy in oral cavity, and shrug that there # 8217 ; s nil that controversial about contention. Novelist and poet Michel Houellebecq has been hailed as France # 8217 ; s biggest literary find # 8211 ; and beginning of dirt # 8211 ; since Camus. Not merely has he sold some 300,000 transcripts of his 2nd novel, Les Particulaires El # 233 ; mentaires ( now translated as Atomised ) ; he has been attacked for it by both right and left, Catholics and Communists, natural enemies and former Alliess. It # 8217 ; s no large trade, he says. # 8220 ; Polemical debates go on all the clip in France. This was rather a large one, but any attentive reader of the Gallic imperativeness gets bored if there isn # 8217 ; t one every three months # 8211 ; it # 8217 ; s portion of the national character. I get bored with it. # 8221 ; It is exactly because of Houellebecq # 8217 ; s assault on the national character th at his readers hold him in such fear # 8211 ; or such disdain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Passion Killer Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Atomised is an ambitious dissection of the modern Gallic societal mind that traces its uneases to the supposed annus Mirabilis, 1968. Countless Gallic fictions complain about that twelvemonth # 8217 ; s extremist dreams traveling amiss, but Houellebecq goes so far as to place soixante-huitisme as the beginning of the terminal for Gallic society. In Atomised, precious ideals of left and right likewise go to the wall # 8211 ; sexual self-fulfilment, New Age spiritualism, even such unimpeachable broad constructs as # 8220 ; human self-respect # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; advancement # 8221 ; . Houellebecq # 8217 ; s compelling and frequently vindictive saga of modern France, enacted in the grievously dissatisfactory lives of two stepbrothers, is flavoured with a misanthropy non seen in Gallic literature since C # 233 ; line. The Flaubertian clarity of Houellebecq # 8217 ; s composing persuades you that he # 8217 ; s something more than a deadly wind-up creative person, or worse, a k ind of literary Bernard Manning. Slight, shabby and 41, he barely looks a typical French-lit cult hero. The lone thing he has in common with Albert Camus is his chain-smoking. He distractedly tweaks his stringy, combed-over hair and ums and ahs hardly audibly. Presumably immature Gallic readers have tired of brassy nouveaux philosophes in open-neck shirts, and decided to seek a diffident Po # 232 ; te maudit of the old school. Quite apart from what Houellebecq # 8217 ; s novels say is the manner they say it: a strange, unstable blend of thinly disguised autobiography, brushing sociological tableau and difficult scientific treatise. There # 8217 ; s nil new about this attack, he insists. # 8220 ; Balzac neer hesitated to establish into his theories halfway through a book. The great advantage of a novel is you can set in whatever comes into your caput # 8211 ; it has the same form as the human brain. # 8221 ; Houellebecq # 8217 ; s attack is justified by the fact that he deals non so much with characters as with # 8220 ; diagnostic persons # 8221 ; who represent their age. If human dealingss are interrupting down, as he suggests in his first novel, Extension du Domaine de la Lutte ( translated as Whatever ) , so the old narratives of stormy passion are no longer possible: # 8220 ; We # 8217 ; re a long manner from Wuthering Heights. # 8221 ; In fact, Houellebecq insists, he # 8217 ; s a long manner from most novels # 8217 ; concerns. # 8220 ; I describe what happens to normal people # 8211 ; people whom nil particular happens to. # 8221 ; His characters either impetus robotically through mind-numbing twenty-four hours occupations, compulsively prosecute sexual bangs, or unrecorded lives of depressive humdrum, such as Michel, the scientist in Atomised, who however makes a find that changes the universe. # 8220 ; Active people don # 8217 ; t alter the universe deeply ; thoughts do, # 8221 ; Houellebecq says. # 8220 ; Napoleon is less of import in universe history than Jean-Jacques Rousseau. # 8221 ; There # 8217 ; s a certain acrimonious installation in Houellebecq # 8217 ; s satirising of bureaucratism and New Ageism likewise, but where his books truly ache for many Gallic readers is in the manner they present sex as a changeless beginning of sorrow, letdown, even madness. But, he points out, # 8220 ; Not looking for sexual satisfaction doesn # 8217 ; t take to a much better state of affairs, either. People don # 8217 ; t like the basic statement that non everyone succeeds in happening sexual satisfaction. It seems a really commonplace proposition to me, but that # 8217 ; s what shocks people # 8211 ; the image of also-rans in the sexual competition. # 8221 ; That is non all that dazes, nevertheless. The sentiments that Houellebecq airs, either through his characters or his narrative voice, frequently suggest, at the really least, borderline-paranoid rightist disdain for feminism, sexual freedom and youth civilization. One character even tries composing deadly racialist literature, although he finally decides it’s merely a cockamamie stage he’s traveling through. Houellebecq has been attacked as a ultraconservative, and Atomised got him thrown off the column board of the leftist review Perpendiculaires. He’s no ultraconservative, he insists, although there’s a touch of sophism to his defense mechanism. â€Å"A ultraconservative is person who wants to return to a old province – that’s neer a possibility in my books. For me, everything’s irreversible in the life of a society, every bit good as an individual’s.† Reputedly a former Marxist, Houellebecq claims he neer truly was one, and that these year ss he has no political place at all. â€Å"I don’t think political relations is that of import. Belief systems and technological revolutions are of import, but I don’t believe political determinations have the slightest consequence on events.† Both on and off the page, Houellebecq likes to offer such dry aggravations, as if make bolding you to think whether he truly has any difficult sentiments at all. â€Å"Any groups with a strong political orientation – communists or Catholics – will be split for and against me. That’s merely normal. You couldn’t agree ideologically with the whole of Atomised.† So is he merely a compulsive position-shifter, out to perplex and antagonize every possible cantonment? â€Å"No, I’d much instead everyone agreed with me. But it’s non up to me to do a measure towards others – it’s up to everyone else to come closer to me.† If Houellebecq is frequently confused with his characters, it is partially because their lifes overlap. Born on the isle of Reunion, Houellebecq, like the brothers in Atomised, was the boy of parents who pursued the hippy dream in the 60s and left him with his grandparents. The extravagant female parent in Atomised appears to be based on his ain ; when I ask if there’s an component of retaliation in the novel, he mutters a crisp â€Å"Yes. Definitely† . Like the hero of Whatever, he worked in computing machine admin, and suffered the stultifying effects of Gallic office life. â€Å"It’s non merely deep ennui. Along with the ennui, you’re obliged to sham enthusiasm. That’s what’s truly painful.† Like more than one of his characters, he had several depressive enchantments in mental infirmary, although, he claims, â€Å"I chiefly went to the head-shrinker to acquire clip off work. The job is, the people in the infirmaries are so much more interesting that sometimes you don†™t want to come out once more. Those topographic points suit me instead good – they’re non nerve-racking, and you can smoke every bit much as you like.† Houellebecq’s airs of bloody-minded intolerance has made him an improbable pop-culture star. He late released a Cadmium, Presence Humaine, on which he intones his poems Gainsbourg-style over Lou Reed-esque backup paths. A movie of Extension du Domaine de la Lutte was besides released last twelvemonth. Although it bombed in France ( excessively near to the book, some complained ) , it is more than respectable, and features the formidable sight of manager Philippe Harel in the lead, making a spot-on imitation of Houellebecq, nicotine fingers and all. Houellebecq packed in his computing machine occupation two old ages ago. He now lives in Dublin, and travels to Lanzarote ( the scene of his following book ) and Thailand ( the 1 after that ) . He has besides remarried, which suggests he is non wholly heartsic k about the possibility of love. He shrugs. â€Å"Given a person’s yesteryear, it’s normally bound to stop severely, but sometimes it can travel right.† For a apparently retiring misanthropist, this converted rock-star raver seems to hold taken to fame with singular assuredness. â€Å"I don’t suffer onslaughts of inordinate modestness, † he says. He admits that he has been affected by the emphasis of his new life. â€Å"I’m more impatient. Before, I was calm to the point of apathy.† So can his fans be reassured that his mentality hasn’t been precisely sweetened by success? â€Å"I don’t truly experience pessimistic, † he says. â€Å"Just realistic.†Atomised is published by Heinemann, monetary value? 12.99. The Cadmium Pr? sence Humaine is on the Tricatel label. The movie Whatever is released in the UK on September 1. 32c

Trade Unions in Employment Relations

Abstract Trade unions play dominant roles in the enactment of employment relations in both within a country and in the international arena. Within the sphere of employment relations, states working in collaboration with the employers form and set mechanisms that see the introduction of collective bargaining approaches in matters relating to the interests of the parties represented by trade unions and the employees. The paper considers the trade union in employment relations for Australia in the light of international trade union relationships in employments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Unions in Employment Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Trade unions amicably regulate the existing relationships between the employers and the people they represent. They have the obligation to â€Å"lobby government in relation to variety of issues including taxation, superannuation, child care and social justice matters† (Martin Cristescu 2000, p.351). In Australia, trade unions have been part of the system of the industrial relations over a century. Martin and Cristescu, reckons that â€Å"as a representative organizations they campaign on behalf of their members to achieve the best possible working conditions and represent employees in disputes and negotiations† (p.351). Trade unions have chiefly been dependent on labor relations legal control with their strategies resting on practices and ideologies of social partnerships. â€Å"While the traditional unions were deeply compromised by their subordination to party, their integration , into state apparatus and their close collaboration with management in the work place, the unions appeared to be the movement of the future† (Clarke Ashwin 2002, p.1). Collective bargaining and adoption of the anti-unionism strategies encompasses some of the strategies that employers are adopting within the states giving s ubstantial support to such endeavors. In addition, redefinition of trade unions has received profound attention in an attempt to ensure that the new trade union face ends up being sensitive to gender and accommodate varying political views. Trade Unions in Employment Relations in Australia In Australia, redefinition of the existing trade and employment relations has occurred over centuries, with climax marked by the introduction of collective bargaining as a replacement of mandatory arbitrations in 2009. Written by Coopers, Ellem, Briggs and Broek in 2009, the article Anti-Unionism, Employer Strategy, and the Australian State is a research study conducted with the aim of examining â€Å" the principal types of employer strategies in relation to trade unions across blue-collar and white-collar, new and old economy, workplaces from the mid 1990s in Australia† (pp. 339-340). To arrive at the results, Coopers et al borrowed largely from data acquired through group and personalize d research projects based on trade onions in employment relations in Australia compiled over a decade before. Union papers, manuscripts, company papers among other sources provided both quantitative and qualitative data while not negating one on one response from south Wales elected union leaders, officers working in the industries and organizers. Upon analysis of the data, two essential findings were registered. Some, â€Å"†¦employer tactics, which seek to de-unionize, and to â€Å"substitute† for unions are not utilized in isolation from each other but are often part of a multilayered, overlapping employer strategy aimed at de-collectivizing employment relations and enhancing managerial prerogative and control† (p. 340). The researchers, in addition, found out that the state played a substantive role in fostering employer’s anti-unionism strategies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pap er with 15% OFF Learn More Coopers et al (2009) notes, â€Å"hardening of employer strategies towards trade unions are common trends across the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, but the proliferation of anti-union employer strategies in Australia still appears quite exceptional by international standards† (p. 339). Loud calls emanating from varying lobby groups seeking collectivization of various existing employment relationships within Australia labor market have received reciprocation. This has resulted since the Australian federal government, not only facilitate the strategies geared toward the enhancement of the noble cause, but also has over the years proactively come up to drum up support for employer strategies anti-unionization. Coopers et al (2009) identify four strategies, which the employers deploy to enhance collectivization of trade unions: â€Å"employer lookouts, individualization of bargaining, counters to organization campaigns , and use of human resource in recruitment and selection† (p. 339). Important to pinpoint is the fact that despite, the emergence of new management practices especially in the era of globalization, which prompt trade unions to undergo de-collectivization, the state spearheads majority of the Australia trade unions and employer relationships with reconfigurations. According to Coopers et al (2009), â€Å"legislative and non-legislative interventions, which create opportunities, incentives and pressures for firms to adopt anti-union strategies† (p. 340) have promptly done this. Coopers et al however, suggests a joining of hands between the government and employers to act on passive trade union organization. It is worth appreciating the fact that trade unions have the capacity to object some of the policies laid out to regulate the relationships between the individuals they represent and employers for the establishment of a collective bargaining ground, especially in accor dance with international revitalization of trade unions. However, a substantive environment for addressing issues afflicting both sides must be in place. Nevertheless, the employers and the state have an amicable obligation to set out the foundation and the subsequent path for collective bargaining. The â€Å"hardening of employer strategies towards trade unions are pervasive trends across the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and particularly in Australia; a country once regarded as a progressive, union-friendly â€Å"social laboratory† (Coopers et al, 2009, p. 358). The existence of dwindled trade union densities as discussed by Coopers et al has the repercussions of shifting and re-shaping the employment relationships.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Unions in Employment Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Trade unions play significant roles in improving employments re lation all over the world. The renewal of trade unions in Australia with the aim of changing the sociopolitical working and business environment has remained one of the central challenges for trade union leaders in this country. This follows because the reform strategies have to accommodate diverse issues such as legislative change, gender, increase in part-time work, and environmental concerns. Written by Dawson and Michael in 2009, Cultural Issues in Organizational Change: The Case of the Australian Services Union is a research article conducted on ‘Australian Services union (ASU)’ with the aim of â€Å"examining legislative change, gender, and challenges of trade unions renewal† (p. 19). The research identifies the main challenges faced by trade unions in Australia as they implement various employment relation policies and practices. The research conducted using extensive study of the structure of trade unions showed the objectives that the trade unions sought to achieve. The study, done on the diverse changes related to trade union enacted in this country served to determine their impact to the employment relationships in Australia. Dawson and Michael expounds on the organization of trade unions and challenges they face when addressing the issues of renewal and employment relations. Employment in Australia has undergone tremendous changed mainly contributed by the growth of part-time employment strategies. The ‘Australian Services union (ASU)’ is an amalgamated organization which operates using semi-autonomous branches with the head office situated in Melbourne and a smaller union’s national office located in Sydney. Trade unions focus on advocating for workers rights through collective bargaining and use of other means like boycotts and strikes. In their research, Dawson and Michael examine experiences of a specific union, which is the Australian Services Union (ASU). This union covers a wide range of Australian org anizations with massive membership supporting distinct political perspectives. The union draws most of its membership from employment areas that have undergone remarkable growth in utilization of part-time work. Increase in the number of women members has sparked gender and political issues that result in questioning of the traditionalist approaches to union’s change and strategy. As Dawson and Michael (2009) reckons, â€Å"Gender issues, amalgamations, increase in part time employment, legislative change, competing political views and agendas, culture and history of trade unions are the factors that influence uptake and development of employment relations† (p. 20). The methods used during this research included making contacts or conducting interviews with the officials of this union so as to get relevant materials on various changes and employment relations facing ASU. Fieldwork played a crucial role of gathering relevant information concerning ASU union and the chal lenges it is facing in its quest for improved employment relations. As Dawson and Michael (2009) comments, â€Å"†¦the execution of the main research fieldwork for this study took place in South Australia from November 1998 to November 2001† (p. 25). In addition, the research employed discussions with union administrators. The researchers also attended social events, branch barbecues, and work dinners to socialize with all stakeholders and gather relevant information.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Information garnered from this research shows employment relations are undergoing many changes due to current gender, cultural, and legislative changes. As Dawson and Michael (2009) postulates, â€Å"the ASU union made conscious decisions recruit more women officials and members in an attempt to reposition itself as an organization that is women-oriented† (p. 28). This reinvention stood out as paramount for the survival of this union. However, there are many barriers to this change in employment relations especially form branches which are male bastion branches from early times. These findings showed that practices and policies that limit execution of new policies within the organizations maintain cultural reluctance to union changes. The many changes experienced in workplaces such as shifts in employment patterns and new legislations have affected employment relation, as many employees show signs of frustration, fatigue, and dissatisfaction with the union’s management . Although there is an increase in number of union members in Australia, density levels of unions, as well as involvement of employment relations continue to decrease. Dawson and Michael (2009) argue that, â€Å"the legislative change introduced by Howard Government in Australia further weakened employee representation system and for instance, their abilities to question the firing and hiring practices of the management† (p. 37). This has made achievement of unions’ objectives in fighting for the employee’s rights hard and cumbersome. It appears that the trade unions movements have reached critical junctures where collective bargaining forms are constrained by socioeconomic changes as well as legislative changes. Trade Unions and Employment in the International Arena The density of trade unions has been declining all over the world. This has affected employment relations in many countries. Authored by Devinatz in 2010, Trade Unionism under Globalization: The Dea th of Voluntarism and the Trend to Politics is a research study conducted with the aim of examining â€Å"How the United States’ trade unions have declined and the reasons why trade union voluntarism has died and in turn trade unions have turned to politics† (pp. 16-32). The methods employed by Devinatz in his unique study included using collected data, studying journals written by other researchers, and field study through questionnaires and interviews. Trade unions in the United States have failed to use collective bargaining and they have turned to national politics as a tool to attain their desired objectives. As Devinatz (2011) reckons, â€Å"The dramatic decline experienced in the United States’ trade union density has resulted in a negative impact of the U.S. labor by discouraging the usage of strikes as economic weapons to achieve objectives of the trade unions and undermining collective say and bargaining power† (p. 16). This contribution has res ulted from the increased competition witnessed in the private markets in the United States because of the deregulation and implementation of advanced technology, and weakening of labor and trade barriers. Devinatz utilizes historical data in examining how the U.S trade unions have discussed employment relations form early 1930s. For instance, Devinatz (2011) argues, â€Å"The Social Security Act (1935) resulted in many changes in labor laws in United States† (p. 19). Labor laws continued to undergo many changes through distinct laws introduced and enacted by the government with collaboration with trade unions. These legislations aimed at improving the working condition as well as improving living standards of the workers through better wages and job security. As Devinatz (2011) reckons, â€Å"the Employment Act of 1946, which based on ‘Keynesian fiscal policy’, aided in increasing the federal minimum wage which improved living standards of the workers† (p. 20). Various bodies such as ‘American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) were established in order to reverse the declining density of private sector trade unions. These bodies received overwhelming support in their quest to revive the private sector. The findings of this research postulate that the voluntarism philosophy where employees depend on trade unions to achieve work gains that will make their living standards better using collective bargaining and other economic struggle methods such as boycotts and strikes is declining in the United States. Both public and private workers unions utilize extensive political involvement to air their views and achieve their objectives. In the subsequent years, trade unions in United States were able to defend their conquests such as, â€Å"maintaining a work day of eight hours, preventing wages reductions on various federal contracts, reducing work discrimination, and fastening legislation of occupatio nal safety (Devinatz 2011, p.21). Trade unions were also involved in other activities such as obtaining unpaid wages and salaries through the use of the legal system, exposing unfair work treatment and harsh conditions, lobbying for enacting of new legislations or amending of existing laws aimed at improving working conditions, organizing employees to struggle for their rights. Contribution of the Three Articles The three articles used in the paper significantly contribute to the understanding of the trade unions. They further expound on the duties of trade unions. Trade unions play vital roles in the improvement of employment relations all over the world. The articles help us to understand objectives of trade unions in a better way. Trade unions established play a significant role of fighting for workers rights and they use different methods to achieve this. The most indispensable tool used by trade unions in achieving their objectives is collective bargaining where they bargain wi th employers on behalf of all workers. Strikes and boycotts employed serve to achieve the unions’ objectives thus improving working condition of the employees and achieving better wages. In addition, the articles give us insight on the challenges faced by the trade unions in their conquest to fulfill their objectives. The legislations enacted by governments all over the world have contributed to the witnessed profound changes in the employment field mainly contributed by. The increase in part-time jobs has also posed a great challenge to trade union as they advocate for improved employment relations. Gender changes yet form another challenge where women demand equal chances with men. The articles provide detailed and crucial recommendations that trade unions can utilize to overcome the challenges they are facing. Dawson and Michael (2009) recommend that, â€Å"trade unions should employ strategic actions such as aligning new agendas for internal changes, which are capable of offsetting traditional custom inertia in adopting flexible and agile perspective† (p. 38). For trade unions to develop new policies, which union members can easily identify with and use them to educate younger employees on the history and importance of trade unions, as well as benefits of collective representation. This recommendation will aid in renewing the unionism all over the world. Conclusion It is imperative to have improved employment relations in a country to improve welfare of all workers. Better working conditions reduce fatigue and stresses experienced by the employees. In addition, the rate to employees’ turnover will increase if the employees adopt better employment relations. The Trade unions play critical roles in ensuring excellent working conditions for all employees working in different industries. With appropriate legislation enactements, trade unions are conferred with the ability to achieve their objectives by incorporating the strategies of colle ctive bargaining where they bargain with employers on behalf of all workers. As a repercussion, the employee’s disputes with the employers, redundancy issues and resolution of unfair dismissal issues receive a solid platform for their address. On the other hand, the paper suggests that trade unions deserve to develop new policies, which union members can easily identify with and use them to educate younger employees on the history and importance of trade unions, as well as benefits of collective representation. References Clarke, S., Ashwin, S., 2002. Russian Trade Unions and Industrial Relations in Transition. New York: Palgrave. Coopers, R., Ellem, B., Briggs, C., Broek, V., 2009. Anti-Unonnism, Employer Strategy and the Australian State, 1996-2005. Labor Studies Journal, 34(3), pp. 339-361. Dawson, P., Michael, Z., 2009. Cultural Issues in Organizational Change: The Case of the Australian Services Union. Employment Relations Record, 9 (1), pp. 19-41. Devinatz, G., 2011. U.S. Trade Unionism under Globalization: The Death of Voluntarism and the Trend to Politics? Labor Law Journal, 62 (1), pp.16-29. Martin, R., Cristescu, A., 2000. Industrial Relations in Central and Eastern Europe in 199: Patterns of Protest. Industrial Relations Journal, 31 (4), pp. 345-362. This essay on Trade Unions in Employment Relations was written and submitted by user Salvatore E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thomas Putnam Essay Example

Thomas Putnam Essay Example Thomas Putnam Paper Thomas Putnam Paper Throughout the play â€Å"The Tempest†, themes and characters are used symbolically to represent challenges to ethics through provoking both conscious and unconscious thought within the audience. From this, the author – Arthur Miller is able to attack commonly held beliefs and tendencies held at the time of publishing the play without causing unwanted alarm; in a time of mass hysteria anyway. Perhaps a less obvious, though nonetheless effective way of achieving this, is through the character of John Proctor. From early on the paly, Proctor appears a relatable, sound townsman to Salem. This is portrayed through Proctors early dismissal of the prospect of witchcraft being present in Salem; â€Å"What’s this mischief then? † Hence allowing the audience to subconsciously align Proctor as a source of reliable information, due to the downright absurdity at the prospect of witchcraft to the nineteen fifties audience. Despite this, early on in the play, it becomes apparent John Proctor has – like most people – made mistakes that he would much rather forget. This is palpable from the line: â€Å"No, no Abby. That’s done with. † This implies he has indulged in something intimate with young character of Abby, which although making him seem arguably slovenly, may actually make him more relatable in that he does not seemingly wade through gold per se, as many other character such as Parris make out. To continue further, the character of Proctor ensures the audience are in no sense believing in the chance of witchcraft, hence aiding the accumulation of absurdity at the happenings of persecution, prejudice and peril throughout the play. Similarly, the character of Proctor always allows the placement of other characters within the minds of the audience. An example of this lay within the exchange between Thomas Putnam, Reverend Parris and John Proctor as they quarrel over the ownership of land. Putnam is clearly labeled as a villainous character through the line of Proctors; â€Å"This bag will not be a bag to swing around your head, Mr. Putnam. † The metaphor describes a somewhat barbaric method of emptying the contents of the bag, ergo the line can be somewhat interpreted as to suggest Thomas Putnam aims only to exploit and gain whatever he can from the phenomena that is the witch hunt.

Inprovement science Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inprovement science - Article Example iplinary team at Pacific Oaks Hospital has noted a rise in pressure ulcer rates and considered setting up strategies to decrease the pressure ulcer rates. Several models have been developed to improve the quality of human health (Sadeghi, Barzi, Mikhail & Shabot, 2013). Among the various models developed include the Public Heath Model and the Model for Improvement. The purpose for this project is to evaluate the Public Health Model and the Model for Improvement to assess how they can aid in decreasing the pressure ulcer rates. The public health care model is among the most important models ever developed. The model incorporates a variety of prevention and care strategies. Gilbert (2011) states that the model focuses on the causes of disease, socio-cultural and economic factors that might interrupt the quality of healthcare services. The model is characterized by unique elements such as leadership, surveillance, and partnerships. The model can be adopted to improve the quality of service and welfare of people suffering from pressure ulcer disease. Actually, the model can be employed in developing effective prevention, rehabilitation, and palliative care strategies at different stages of disease development. For instance, surveillance can enhance timely detection of the diseases. As a result, prevention schemes will be established on time and, therefore, reduce the identified pressure ulcer rates. The model emphasis on teamwork and strategic performance. However, the model directs that the size and nature of the team should be determined by the needs and nature of the organization. The model explains that it is important to set goals that the improvement strategy intends to achieve. According to Hickey & Brosnan (2012), setting of goals gives the team a roadmap of whatever it intends to achieve. The model reflects on the importance of establishing measures and selecting changes. In essence, establishing measures aids in assessing whether adoption of a specific